Lời giải:

Đặt \(\left\{\begin{matrix} a+b-c=x\\ b+c-a=y\\ c+a-b=z\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} a=\frac{x+z}{2}\\ b=\frac{x+y}{2}\\ c=\frac{y+z}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\) $(x,y,z>0$ do $a,b,c$ là 3 cạnh tam giác.

Khi đó:
\(\text{VT}=\frac{(a+b)^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{(b+c)^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{(c+a)^2-b^2}{2ca}-3\)

\(=(a+b+c)\left(\frac{a+b-c}{2ab}+\frac{b+c-a}{2bc}+\frac{c+a-b}{2ca}\right)-3\)

\(=2(x+y+z)\left(\frac{x}{(x+y)(x+z)}+\frac{y}{(y+x)(y+z)}+\frac{z}{(z+x)(z+y)}\right)-3\)

\(=4(x+y+z).\frac{xy+yz+xz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3\)

\(=4.\frac{xy(x+y)+yz(y+z)+xz(x+z)+3xyz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3=4.\frac{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)+xyz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3\)

\(>4.\frac{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3=4-3=1\)

Ta có đpcm.

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Lời giải:

Đặt \(\left\{\begin{matrix} a+b-c=x\\ b+c-a=y\\ c+a-b=z\end{matrix}\right.\Rightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} a=\frac{x+z}{2}\\ b=\frac{x+y}{2}\\ c=\frac{y+z}{2}\end{matrix}\right.\) $(x,y,z>0$ do $a,b,c$ là 3 cạnh tam giác.

Khi đó:
\(\text{VT}=\frac{(a+b)^2-c^2}{2ab}+\frac{(b+c)^2-a^2}{2bc}+\frac{(c+a)^2-b^2}{2ca}-3\)

\(=(a+b+c)\left(\frac{a+b-c}{2ab}+\frac{b+c-a}{2bc}+\frac{c+a-b}{2ca}\right)-3\)

\(=2(x+y+z)\left(\frac{x}{(x+y)(x+z)}+\frac{y}{(y+x)(y+z)}+\frac{z}{(z+x)(z+y)}\right)-3\)

\(=4(x+y+z).\frac{xy+yz+xz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3\)

\(=4.\frac{xy(x+y)+yz(y+z)+xz(x+z)+3xyz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3=4.\frac{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)+xyz}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3\)

\(>4.\frac{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}{(x+y)(y+z)(x+z)}-3=4-3=1\)

Ta có đpcm.

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Do a;b;c là 3 cạnh của 1 tam giác nên: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}a+b-c>0\\a+c-b>0\\b+c-a>0\end{matrix}\right.\)

BĐT đã cho tương đương:

\(\dfrac{a^2+2bc}{b^2+c^2}-1+\dfrac{b^2+2ac}{a^2+c^2}-1+\dfrac{c^2+2ab}{a^2+b^2}-1>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2-\left(b^2-2bc+c^2\right)}{b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{b^2-\left(a^2-2ac+c^2\right)}{a^2+c^2}+\dfrac{c^2-\left(a^2-2ab+b^2\right)}{a^2+b^2}>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a^2-\left(b-c\right)^2}{b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{b^2-\left(a-c\right)^2}{a^2+c^2}+\dfrac{c^2-\left(a-b\right)^2}{a^2+b^2}>0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{\left(a+c-b\right)\left(a+b-c\right)}{b^2+c^2}+\dfrac{\left(a+b-c\right)\left(b+c-a\right)}{a^2+c^2}+\dfrac{\left(b+c-a\right)\left(a+c-b\right)}{a^2+b^2}>0\) (luôn đúng)

Vậy BĐT đã cho đúng

Ta có kết quả tổng quát hơn như sau:

Cho $a,b,c \neq 0$ thỏa mãn $\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=0.$

Chứng minh rằng $$S={\frac {k{a}^{2}-k-1}{{a}^{2}+2\,bc}}+{\frac {{b}^{2}k-k-1}{2\,ac+{b}^{2}}}+{\frac {{c}^{2}k-k-1}{2\,ab+{c}^{2}}}=k$$

Ta có: \(a=b+c\Rightarrow c=a-b\)

\(\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{a^2}+\dfrac{1}{b^2}+\dfrac{1}{c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2c^2+a^2c^2+a^2b^2}{a^2b^2c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{b^2\left(a-b\right)^2+a^2\left(a-b\right)^2+a^2b^2}{a^2b^2c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{b^4+a^2b^2-2ab^3+a^4+a^2b^2-2a^3b+a^2b^2}{a^2b^2c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2\right)^2-2ab\left(a^2+b^2\right)+a^2b^2}{a^2b^2c^2}}=\sqrt{\dfrac{\left(a^2+b^2-ab\right)^2}{a^2b^2c^2}}=\left|\dfrac{a^2+b^2-ab}{abc}\right|\)

=> Là một số hữu tỉ do a,b,c là số hữu tỉ

\(\left(a+b+c\right)^2=a^2+b^2+c^2\Leftrightarrow a^2+b^2+c^2+2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=a^2+b^2+c^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(ab+bc+ac\right)=0\Leftrightarrow ab+bc+ac=0\Leftrightarrow bc=-ab-ac\)

\(\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+2bc}=\dfrac{a^2}{a^2+bc-ac-ab}=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}\)

CMTT: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{b^2}{b^2+2ca}=\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}\\\dfrac{c^2}{c^2+2ab}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(c-a\right)\left(c-b\right)}=\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow A=\dfrac{a^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(a-b\right)}+\dfrac{b^2}{\left(b-a\right)\left(b-c\right)}+\dfrac{c^2}{\left(a-c\right)\left(b-c\right)}=\dfrac{a^2\left(b-c\right)-b^2\left(a-c\right)+c^2\left(a-b\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}{\left(a-b\right)\left(b-c\right)\left(a-c\right)}=1\)